2011年1月31日星期一

後設認知

和同事聊起今日的青少年学生,同事摇头说拿学生没办法,骂他怕伤害了他,劝他他当耳边风,哄他未必吃你这套,讲道理更惨,他嫌你啰嗦老人....我说:因为我们面对的是Z-世代啊!这批所谓的九十后,就是有着与众不同的行为个性,要教育他们?看来我们必须先教育自己。

其实稍作分析,不难发现今日的青少年(有时甚至是青年)之所以在学习上进度慢,态度劣,无非是一种认知上的不足。他们之所以很难独立思考独立学习独立作业,是因为他们不晓得问题出在哪里。他们说:时间管理不当,有时候很忙但是功课依然做不完,有时候老师说的好像明白但实际上又很模糊,举了一反不到三,记忆力很不妥...等等。再问下去:为何会这样?答案几乎就那么一个:「我布鸡稻~」

当然“布鸡稻”啦~ 都说了这是认知上的不足嘛。^__^

认知(Cognition)就是“认识的能力”、“获取知识的能力”,这包括从这个世界接收讯息,然后把资料储存、运用这些知识,再然后指导我们做决定和执行所做的决定。学生对知识的吸收对技巧的认识本来不是那么难的一件事,而难的在于学生不了解“自己到底是怎样去吸收去认识”的。对自己认知的认知(Cognition about cognition)、对自己思考的思考(Thinking about thinking)、对自己学习的学习(Learning of learning),称之为【後設認知】(Metacognition, 大陆翻译为“元认知”)。简单来说,就是一种对自己认知系统的监控、掌握、调节能力,或者更简单的说:自知之明。

举个简单的例子,你问一个小学生:「你要花多久时间来温习才能考取好成绩?」你就会发现,成绩优良的学生会做出比较准确的估计。我不是说成绩好的学生花的时间长还是短,而是他们对自己所需要的温习时间预算正确,也就是他们对自己的能力较为了解,所以才可以成为优秀生。事实上,优秀生不是必然的,更多时候他们这群人就是掌握了更佳的认知方法,对方法论运用的更得心应手才会成就今天的他们。

换言之,如果任何学生学习了“如何去学习”,常常思考“自己的思考”,认识到“怎样认识的”,那么很逻辑的,他对自己的学习监控力会变得更强,对自己时间观念有着更好的管理,懂得寻找与运用更好的方法,举一反三的可以更加独立去学习更多。

对後設認知,基本上可以分为两个主要部分:
1 後設認知知识(Metacognitive knowledge
2 後設認知经验(Metacognitive experience
前者是对自己一般认知能力的认知;后者是对自己认知能力在工作时的认知
前者为一种静态的知识(Offline knowledge)后者是一种动态的知识(Online knowledge

举个例子:
我知道我自己的记忆力很不错(对自己一般认知能力的认知)
但是今天有点儿不舒服迷迷糊糊的(对自己认知能力在工作时的认知);
虽然我平时上课不需要抄写笔记(关于认知系统与工作的认知)
但今天要把老师说的重点全部笔录下来(关于认知系统在工作时是否能应付工作)

就是因为后设认知,所以才能对自己能力的了解很透彻,也能对自己能力可能产生的变化控制得很好,所以在状况出现变化或者遇到不同情况,可以随机应变很快的做出调节行动,而最终目标依旧保持一样,就是学到东西。

有Graphic Design的学生在Typography科目拿很高分,表现很好。但是一个学期过去了,来到包装设计的时候,反而字体运用与排版变成一团糟,老师叹息,学生也很懊恼。这是一种学习迁移的困难。而后设认知对学习迁移的帮助非常之大。学会了后设认知,就可以更加写意更有意义的去学习了。

2 条评论:

  1. Dear M-Heng, a prolific writer. It's my pleasure to take a stroll through your blog. But, I would like to pinpoint that metacognitition is a very broad and yet contradictorily specific term that most educere and psychologists would probably employ to describe learning. I'm afraid the mention being scripted here requires a few angles before you could point out the issues that might be attributable to metacognition among your students. Well, it's a perplexing statement to adopt 'black-box' as the only approach to describe memory, understanding and appreciation as far as learning is concerned. Not every student can see the phi phenomenon because Gestalt's theory asserts that human minds are prone to construction or/and destruction and the extent strictly lies with individuals. Here, learning personalities arise. Take a low motive student as an exponent, he/she needs more instructions and guidelines in doing things well. Simply because they have a different background from the high motive counterpart. So too their nutritional nourishment, social interaction and informal education. In a plain text, some students require behaviorist classrooms. As to cognitivist teachers, classroom activities are one of the useful approaches to metacognition. The students need to reason out as many as possible the rationales to support their views on certain things. As they check upon their answers, they'll inevitably check upon their fresh knowledge. Knowledge must be integrated so that they can see the whole tree not the leaves. In a language classroom, we always minimize TTT (teacher talk time) and maximize STT (student TT). As they speak, the language elements will start to form nodes, connecting a web of understanding/knowledge. Although Art may sometimes be subjective, but the basics are still perennial. If their Typography was bad, was it the failure of the student metacognition or merely an unfavorable metacognitive process being imparted into your students? It is crucial that the teachers must be benchmarked to international standards at the appropriate levels (primary, secondary and tertiary education) so that the outcomes would not deviate much from the recognized ideal. In English, we put students on scales based on their age. It's not justified to judge a primary student on a TOEFL scale. So, metacognition relies much on the students while metateaching is another serious plague in education.

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  2. 非常感激Dr J的指教与分享。 ^__^

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